asm_parser/asm_parser.c

/***************************************************************************
 * file name   : asm_parser.c                                              *
 * author      :                                                 *
 * description : the functions are declared in asm_parser.h                *
 *               The intention of this library is to parse a .ASM file     *
 *			        										               * 
 *                                                                         *
 ***************************************************************************
 *
 */

#include <stdio.h>
#include <string.h>
#include <stdlib.h>
#include "asm_parser.h"
#include <stdint.h>


int read_asm_file(char *filename, char program[ROWS][COLS]) {
  FILE *file = fopen(filename, "r");
  if (!file) {
    printf("error: read_asm_file failed\n");
    return 2;
  }
  int line_num = 0;
  while (fgets(program[line_num], COLS, file) != NULL) {
    // Remove trailing newline
    size_t len = strlen(program[line_num]);
    if (len > 0 && program[line_num][len - 1] == '\n') {
      program[line_num][len - 1] = '\0';
      len--;
    }

    trim(program[line_num]);

    if (strlen(program[line_num]) == 0) {
      continue;
    }
    // Remove comments starting with ';' or '#'
    char *comment = strchr(program[line_num], ';');
    if (comment != NULL) {
      *comment = '\0';
      len = comment - program[line_num];
    }

    // /* Here, we remove this code, because it may cause immediate value cannot be detected */
    // comment = strchr(program[line_num], '#');
    // if (comment != NULL) {
    //   *comment = '\0';
    //   len = comment - program[line_num];
    // }
    while (len > 0 && isspace(program[line_num][len - 1])) {
      program[line_num][--len] = '\0';
    }
    // Skip empty lines
    if (len == 0) {
      continue;
    }
    line_num++;
    if (line_num >= ROWS) {
      printf("error: read_asm_file failed - file too large\n");
      fclose(file);
      return 2;
    }
  }
  if (!feof(file)) {
    printf("error: read_asm_file failed - could not read the file completely\n");
    fclose(file);
    return 2;
  }
  fclose(file);
  return 0;
}

int parse_instruction(char *instr, char *instr_bin_str) {
  // Remove leading whitespace
  while (isspace(*instr)) instr++;
  if (*instr == '\0') {
    // Empty line
    return 0;
  }
  trim(instr);

  // Tokenize the instruction line
  char instr_copy[COLS];
  strcpy(instr_copy, instr);
  char *tokens[10];
  int token_count = 0;
  char *p = instr_copy;
  while (*p != '\0') {
    // Skip spaces
    while (isspace(*p)) p++;
    if (*p == '\0') break;

    // Collect token
    char *start = p;
    while (*p != '\0' && !isspace(*p) && *p != ',') p++;
    size_t len = p - start;
    if (len > 0) {
      tokens[token_count] = (char *)malloc(len + 1);
      strncpy(tokens[token_count], start, len);
      tokens[token_count][len] = '\0';
      token_count++;
    }

    // Skip commas
    int comma_count = 0;
    while (*p != '\0' && (isspace(*p) || *p == ',')) {
      if (*p == ',') {
        comma_count++;
      }
      p++;
    }
    if (comma_count > 1) {
      printf("error: parse_instruction failed - too many commas\n");
      // Free allocated memory
      for (int i = 0; i < token_count; i++) {
        free(tokens[i]);
      }
      return 3;
    }
  }

  if (token_count == 0) {
    printf("error: parse_instruction failed\n");
    return 3;
  }

  // Convert opcode to uppercase
  to_uppercase(tokens[0]);

  // Now tokens[0] is opcode, tokens[1..] are operands
  if (strcmp(tokens[0], "ADD") == 0) {
    int ret = parse_add(instr, instr_bin_str);
    // Free allocated memory
    for (int i = 0; i < token_count; i++) {
      free(tokens[i]);
    }
    return ret;
  } else if (strcmp(tokens[0], "MUL") == 0) {
    int ret = parse_mul(instr, instr_bin_str);
    // Free allocated memory
    for (int i = 0; i < token_count; i++) {
      free(tokens[i]);
    }
    return ret;
  }
  // Handle other opcodes similarly
  else if (strcmp(tokens[0], "SUB") == 0) {
    int ret = parse_sub(instr, instr_bin_str);
    for (int i = 0; i < token_count; i++) {
      free(tokens[i]);
    }
    return ret;
  } else if (strcmp(tokens[0], "DIV") == 0) {
    int ret = parse_div(instr, instr_bin_str);
    for (int i = 0; i < token_count; i++) {
      free(tokens[i]);
    }
    return ret;
  } else if (strcmp(tokens[0], "AND") == 0) {
    int ret = parse_and(instr, instr_bin_str);
    for (int i = 0; i < token_count; i++) {
      free(tokens[i]);
    }
    return ret;
  } else if (strcmp(tokens[0], "OR") == 0) {
    int ret = parse_or(instr, instr_bin_str);
    for (int i = 0; i < token_count; i++) {
      free(tokens[i]);
    }
    return ret;
  } else if (strcmp(tokens[0], "XOR") == 0) {
    int ret = parse_xor(instr, instr_bin_str);
    for (int i = 0; i < token_count; i++) {
      free(tokens[i]);
    }
    return ret;
  } else {
    printf("error: parse_instruction failed\n");
    for (int i = 0; i < token_count; i++) {
      free(tokens[i]);
    }
    return 3;
  }
}

void trim(char *str) {
  // Remove leading spaces
  char *start = str;
  while (isspace(*start)) start++;
  memmove(str, start, strlen(start) + 1);

  // Remove trailing spaces
  char *end = str + strlen(str) - 1;
  while (end > str && isspace(*end)) end--;
  *(end + 1) = '\0';
}

int parse_reg(char reg_num, char *instr_bin_str) {
  if (reg_num < '0' || reg_num > '7') {
    printf("error: parse_reg failed\n");
    return 5;
  }
  int reg = reg_num - '0';
  char bin_str[4];
  int_to_bin_str(reg, 3, bin_str);
  strcat(instr_bin_str, bin_str);
  return 0;
}

void int_to_bin_str(int num, int bits, char *bin_str) {
  bin_str[bits] = '\0';
  for (int i = bits - 1; i >= 0; i--) {
    bin_str[i] = ((num >> (bits - 1 - i)) & 1) + '0';
  }
}

void to_uppercase(char *str) {
  for (; *str; ++str) {
    *str = toupper(*str);
  }
}

int parse_add(char *instr, char *instr_bin_str) {
  // Opcode: 0001
  strcpy(instr_bin_str, "0001");  // Opcode

  // Tokenize the instruction line
  char instr_copy[COLS];
  strcpy(instr_copy, instr);
  char *tokens[10];
  int token_count = 0;
  char *p = instr_copy;
  while (*p != '\0') {
    // Skip spaces and commas
    while (isspace(*p) || *p == ',') p++;
    if (*p == '\0') break;

    // Collect token
    char *start = p;
    while (*p != '\0' && !isspace(*p) && *p != ',') p++;
    size_t len = p - start;
    tokens[token_count] = (char *)malloc(len + 1);
    strncpy(tokens[token_count], start, len);
    tokens[token_count][len] = '\0';
    token_count++;
  }

  if (token_count != 4) {
    printf("error: parse_add() failed, token_count = %d\n", token_count);
    for (int i = 0; i < token_count; i++) {
      free(tokens[i]);
    }
    return 4;
  }

  // Enforce uppercase for operands
  to_uppercase(tokens[1]);
  to_uppercase(tokens[2]);
  to_uppercase(tokens[3]);

  // Parse Rd
  if (tokens[1][0] != 'R') {
    printf("error: parse_add() failed\n");
    for (int i = 0; i < token_count; i++) {
      free(tokens[i]);
    }
    return 4;
  }
  char rd_num = tokens[1][1];
  int ret = parse_reg(rd_num, instr_bin_str);  // Rd
  if (ret != 0) {
    printf("error: parse_add() failed\n");
    for (int i = 0; i < token_count; i++) {
      free(tokens[i]);
    }
    return 4;
  }

  // Parse Rs
  if (tokens[2][0] != 'R') {
    printf("error: parse_add() failed\n");
    for (int i = 0; i < token_count; i++) {
      free(tokens[i]);
    }
    return 4;
  }
  char rs_num = tokens[2][1];
  ret = parse_reg(rs_num, instr_bin_str);  // Rs
  if (ret != 0) {
    printf("error: parse_add() failed\n");
    for (int i = 0; i < token_count; i++) {
      free(tokens[i]);
    }
    return 4;
  }

  // Parse Rt or Immediate
  if (tokens[3][0] == 'R') {
    // Register
    strcat(instr_bin_str, "000");  // Bit[5] = 0
    char rt_num = tokens[3][1];
    ret = parse_reg(rt_num, instr_bin_str);  // Rt
    if (ret != 0) {
      printf("error: parse_add() failed\n");
      for (int i = 0; i < token_count; i++) {
        free(tokens[i]);
      }
      return 4;
    }
  } else {
    // Immediate
    int imm_value;
    ret = parse_imm5(tokens[3], &imm_value);
    if (ret != 0) {
      printf("error: parse_add() failed\n");
      for (int i = 0; i < token_count; i++) {
        free(tokens[i]);
      }
      return 4;
    }
    strcat(instr_bin_str, "1");  // Bit[5] = 1
    // Append imm5 bits
    char imm_bits[6];
    int_to_bin_str(imm_value & 0x1F, 5, imm_bits);
    strcat(instr_bin_str, imm_bits);
  }

  // Free allocated memory
  for (int i = 0; i < token_count; i++) {
    free(tokens[i]);
  }

  return 0;
}
int parse_mul(char *instr, char *instr_bin_str) {
  // Similar to parse_add, but sub-opcode is '001'
  // Opcode: 0001
  strcpy(instr_bin_str, "0001");  // Opcode

  // Tokenize the instruction line
  char instr_copy[COLS];
  strcpy(instr_copy, instr);
  char *tokens[10];
  int token_count = 0;
  char *p = instr_copy;
  while (*p != '\0') {
    // Skip spaces and commas
    while (isspace(*p) || *p == ',') p++;
    if (*p == '\0') break;

    // Collect token
    char *start = p;
    while (*p != '\0' && !isspace(*p) && *p != ',') p++;
    size_t len = p - start;
    tokens[token_count] = (char *)malloc(len + 1);
    strncpy(tokens[token_count], start, len);
    tokens[token_count][len] = '\0';
    token_count++;
  }

  if (token_count != 4) {
    printf("error: parse_mul() failed\n");
    for (int i = 0; i < token_count; i++) {
      free(tokens[i]);
    }
    return 4;
  }

  // Enforce uppercase for operands
  to_uppercase(tokens[1]);
  to_uppercase(tokens[2]);
  to_uppercase(tokens[3]);

  // Parse Rd
  if (tokens[1][0] != 'R') {
    printf("error: parse_mul() failed\n");
    for (int i = 0; i < token_count; i++) {
      free(tokens[i]);
    }
    return 4;
  }
  char rd_num = tokens[1][1];
  int ret = parse_reg(rd_num, instr_bin_str);  // Rd
  if (ret != 0) {
    printf("error: parse_mul() failed\n");
    for (int i = 0; i < token_count; i++) {
      free(tokens[i]);
    }
    return 4;
  }

  // Parse Rs
  if (tokens[2][0] != 'R') {
    printf("error: parse_mul() failed\n");
    for (int i = 0; i < token_count; i++) {
      free(tokens[i]);
    }
    return 4;
  }
  char rs_num = tokens[2][1];
  ret = parse_reg(rs_num, instr_bin_str);  // Rs
  if (ret != 0) {
    printf("error: parse_mul() failed\n");
    for (int i = 0; i < token_count; i++) {
      free(tokens[i]);
    }
    return 4;
  }

  // Sub-opcode for MUL
  strcat(instr_bin_str, "001");

  // Parse Rt
  if (tokens[3][0] != 'R') {
    printf("error: parse_mul() failed\n");
    for (int i = 0; i < token_count; i++) {
      free(tokens[i]);
    }
    return 4;
  }
  char rt_num = tokens[3][1];
  ret = parse_reg(rt_num, instr_bin_str);  // Rt
  if (ret != 0) {
    printf("error: parse_mul() failed\n");
    for (int i = 0; i < token_count; i++) {
      free(tokens[i]);
    }
    return 4;
  }

  // Free allocated memory
  for (int i = 0; i < token_count; i++) {
    free(tokens[i]);
  }

  return 0;
}

int parse_imm5(char *imm_str, int *imm_value) {
  int value = 0;
  if (imm_str[0] == '#') {
    // Decimal immediate
    value = atoi(&imm_str[1]);
  } else if (imm_str[0] == 'x') {
    // Hex immediate
    sscanf(&imm_str[1], "%x", &value);
  } else if (imm_str[0] == '0' && imm_str[1] == 'x') {
    // Hex immediate
    sscanf(&imm_str[2], "%x", &value);
  } else {
    printf("error: invalid immediate value\n");
    return 4;
  }
  // Check if value fits in signed 5-bit
  if (value < -16 || value > 15) {
    printf("error: immediate value out of range\n");
    return 4;
  }
  *imm_value = value;
  return 0;
}
// Function to parse SUB instruction
int parse_sub(char *instr, char *instr_bin_str) {
  // Opcode: 0001
  strcpy(instr_bin_str, "0001");  // Opcode

  // Tokenize the instruction line
  char instr_copy[COLS];
  strcpy(instr_copy, instr);
  char *tokens[10];
  int token_count = 0;
  char *p = instr_copy;
  while (*p != '\0') {
    // Skip spaces and commas
    while (isspace(*p) || *p == ',') p++;
    if (*p == '\0') break;

    // Collect token
    char *start = p;
    while (*p != '\0' && !isspace(*p) && *p != ',') p++;
    size_t len = p - start;
    tokens[token_count] = (char *)malloc(len + 1);
    strncpy(tokens[token_count], start, len);
    tokens[token_count][len] = '\0';
    token_count++;
  }

  if (token_count != 4) {
    printf("error: parse_sub() failed\n");
    for (int i = 0; i < token_count; i++) {
      free(tokens[i]);
    }
    return 4;
  }

  // Enforce uppercase for operands
  to_uppercase(tokens[1]);
  to_uppercase(tokens[2]);
  to_uppercase(tokens[3]);

  // Parse Rd
  if (tokens[1][0] != 'R') {
    printf("error: parse_sub() failed\n");
    for (int i = 0; i < token_count; i++) {
      free(tokens[i]);
    }
    return 4;
  }
  char rd_num = tokens[1][1];
  int ret = parse_reg(rd_num, instr_bin_str);  // Rd
  if (ret != 0) {
    printf("error: parse_sub() failed\n");
    for (int i = 0; i < token_count; i++) {
      free(tokens[i]);
    }
    return 4;
  }

  // Parse Rs
  if (tokens[2][0] != 'R') {
    printf("error: parse_sub() failed\n");
    for (int i = 0; i < token_count; i++) {
      free(tokens[i]);
    }
    return 4;
  }
  char rs_num = tokens[2][1];
  ret = parse_reg(rs_num, instr_bin_str);  // Rs
  if (ret != 0) {
    printf("error: parse_sub() failed\n");
    for (int i = 0; i < token_count; i++) {
      free(tokens[i]);
    }
    return 4;
  }

  // Sub-opcode for SUB
  strcat(instr_bin_str, "010");

  // Parse Rt
  if (tokens[3][0] != 'R') {
    printf("error: parse_sub() failed\n");
    for (int i = 0; i < token_count; i++) {
      free(tokens[i]);
    }
    return 4;
  }
  char rt_num = tokens[3][1];
  ret = parse_reg(rt_num, instr_bin_str);  // Rt
  if (ret != 0) {
    printf("error: parse_sub() failed\n");
    for (int i = 0; i < token_count; i++) {
      free(tokens[i]);
    }
    return 4;
  }

  // Free allocated memory
  for (int i = 0; i < token_count; i++) {
    free(tokens[i]);
  }

  return 0;
}

// Function to parse DIV instruction
int parse_div(char *instr, char *instr_bin_str) {
  // Opcode: 0001
  strcpy(instr_bin_str, "0001");  // Opcode

  // Tokenize the instruction line
  char instr_copy[COLS];
  strcpy(instr_copy, instr);
  char *tokens[10];
  int token_count = 0;
  char *p = instr_copy;
  while (*p != '\0') {
    // Skip spaces and commas
    while (isspace(*p) || *p == ',') p++;
    if (*p == '\0') break;

    // Collect token
    char *start = p;
    while (*p != '\0' && !isspace(*p) && *p != ',') p++;
    size_t len = p - start;
    tokens[token_count] = (char *)malloc(len + 1);
    strncpy(tokens[token_count], start, len);
    tokens[token_count][len] = '\0';
    token_count++;
  }

  if (token_count != 4) {
    printf("error: parse_div() failed\n");
    for (int i = 0; i < token_count; i++) {
      free(tokens[i]);
    }
    return 4;
  }

  // Enforce uppercase for operands
  to_uppercase(tokens[1]);
  to_uppercase(tokens[2]);
  to_uppercase(tokens[3]);

  // Parse Rd
  if (tokens[1][0] != 'R') {
    printf("error: parse_div() failed\n");
    for (int i = 0; i < token_count; i++) {
      free(tokens[i]);
    }
    return 4;
  }
  char rd_num = tokens[1][1];
  int ret = parse_reg(rd_num, instr_bin_str);  // Rd
  if (ret != 0) {
    printf("error: parse_div() failed\n");
    for (int i = 0; i < token_count; i++) {
      free(tokens[i]);
    }
    return 4;
  }

  // Parse Rs
  if (tokens[2][0] != 'R') {
    printf("error: parse_div() failed\n");
    for (int i = 0; i < token_count; i++) {
      free(tokens[i]);
    }
    return 4;
  }
  char rs_num = tokens[2][1];
  ret = parse_reg(rs_num, instr_bin_str);  // Rs
  if (ret != 0) {
    printf("error: parse_div() failed\n");
    for (int i = 0; i < token_count; i++) {
      free(tokens[i]);
    }
    return 4;
  }

  // Sub-opcode for DIV
  strcat(instr_bin_str, "011");

  // Parse Rt
  if (tokens[3][0] != 'R') {
    printf("error: parse_div() failed\n");
    for (int i = 0; i < token_count; i++) {
      free(tokens[i]);
    }
    return 4;
  }
  char rt_num = tokens[3][1];
  ret = parse_reg(rt_num, instr_bin_str);  // Rt
  if (ret != 0) {
    printf("error: parse_div() failed\n");
    for (int i = 0; i < token_count; i++) {
      free(tokens[i]);
    }
    return 4;
  }

  // Free allocated memory
  for (int i = 0; i < token_count; i++) {
    free(tokens[i]);
  }

  return 0;
}

// Function to parse AND instruction
int parse_and(char *instr, char *instr_bin_str) {
  // Opcode: 0101
  strcpy(instr_bin_str, "0101");  // Opcode

  // Tokenize the instruction line
  char instr_copy[COLS];
  strcpy(instr_copy, instr);
  char *tokens[10];
  int token_count = 0;
  char *p = instr_copy;
  while (*p != '\0') {
    // Skip spaces and commas
    while (isspace(*p) || *p == ',') p++;
    if (*p == '\0') break;

    // Collect token
    char *start = p;
    while (*p != '\0' && !isspace(*p) && *p != ',') p++;
    size_t len = p - start;
    tokens[token_count] = (char *)malloc(len + 1);
    strncpy(tokens[token_count], start, len);
    tokens[token_count][len] = '\0';
    token_count++;
  }

  if (token_count != 4) {
    printf("error: parse_and() failed\n");
    for (int i = 0; i < token_count; i++) {
      free(tokens[i]);
    }
    return 4;
  }

  // Enforce uppercase for operands
  to_uppercase(tokens[1]);
  to_uppercase(tokens[2]);
  to_uppercase(tokens[3]);

  // Parse Rd
  if (tokens[1][0] != 'R') {
    printf("error: parse_and() failed\n");
    for (int i = 0; i < token_count; i++) {
      free(tokens[i]);
    }
    return 4;
  }
  char rd_num = tokens[1][1];
  int ret = parse_reg(rd_num, instr_bin_str);  // Rd
  if (ret != 0) {
    printf("error: parse_and() failed\n");
    for (int i = 0; i < token_count; i++) {
      free(tokens[i]);
    }
    return 4;
  }

  // Parse Rs
  if (tokens[2][0] != 'R') {
    printf("error: parse_and() failed\n");
    for (int i = 0; i < token_count; i++) {
      free(tokens[i]);
    }
    return 4;
  }
  char rs_num = tokens[2][1];
  ret = parse_reg(rs_num, instr_bin_str);  // Rs
  if (ret != 0) {
    printf("error: parse_and() failed\n");
    for (int i = 0; i < token_count; i++) {
      free(tokens[i]);
    }
    return 4;
  }

  // Parse Rt or Immediate
  if (tokens[3][0] == 'R') {
    // Register
    strcat(instr_bin_str, "000");  // Bit[5] = 0
    char rt_num = tokens[3][1];
    ret = parse_reg(rt_num, instr_bin_str);  // Rt
    if (ret != 0) {
      printf("error: parse_and() failed\n");
      for (int i = 0; i < token_count; i++) {
        free(tokens[i]);
      }
      return 4;
    }
  } else {
    // Immediate
    int imm_value;
    ret = parse_imm5(tokens[3], &imm_value);
    if (ret != 0) {
      printf("error: parse_and() failed\n");
      for (int i = 0; i < token_count; i++) {
        free(tokens[i]);
      }
      return 4;
    }
    strcat(instr_bin_str, "1");  // Bit[5] = 1
    // Append imm5 bits
    char imm_bits[6];
    int_to_bin_str(imm_value & 0x1F, 5, imm_bits);
    strcat(instr_bin_str, imm_bits);
  }

  // Free allocated memory
  for (int i = 0; i < token_count; i++) {
    free(tokens[i]);
  }

  return 0;
}

// Function to parse OR instruction
int parse_or(char *instr, char *instr_bin_str) {
  // Opcode: 0101
  strcpy(instr_bin_str, "0101");  // Opcode

  // Tokenize the instruction line
  char instr_copy[COLS];
  strcpy(instr_copy, instr);
  char *tokens[10];
  int token_count = 0;
  char *p = instr_copy;
  while (*p != '\0') {
    // Skip spaces and commas
    while (isspace(*p) || *p == ',') p++;
    if (*p == '\0') break;

    // Collect token
    char *start = p;
    while (*p != '\0' && !isspace(*p) && *p != ',') p++;
    size_t len = p - start;
    tokens[token_count] = (char *)malloc(len + 1);
    strncpy(tokens[token_count], start, len);
    tokens[token_count][len] = '\0';
    token_count++;
  }

  if (token_count != 4) {
    printf("error: parse_or() failed\n");
    for (int i = 0; i < token_count; i++) {
      free(tokens[i]);
    }
    return 4;
  }

  // Enforce uppercase for operands
  to_uppercase(tokens[1]);
  to_uppercase(tokens[2]);
  to_uppercase(tokens[3]);

  // Parse Rd
  if (tokens[1][0] != 'R') {
    printf("error: parse_or() failed\n");
    for (int i = 0; i < token_count; i++) {
      free(tokens[i]);
    }
    return 4;
  }
  char rd_num = tokens[1][1];
  int ret = parse_reg(rd_num, instr_bin_str);  // Rd
  if (ret != 0) {
    printf("error: parse_or() failed\n");
    for (int i = 0; i < token_count; i++) {
      free(tokens[i]);
    }
    return 4;
  }

  // Parse Rs
  if (tokens[2][0] != 'R') {
    printf("error: parse_or() failed\n");
    for (int i = 0; i < token_count; i++) {
      free(tokens[i]);
    }
    return 4;
  }
  char rs_num = tokens[2][1];
  ret = parse_reg(rs_num, instr_bin_str);  // Rs
  if (ret != 0) {
    printf("error: parse_or() failed\n");
    for (int i = 0; i < token_count; i++) {
      free(tokens[i]);
    }
    return 4;
  }

  // Sub-opcode for OR
  strcat(instr_bin_str, "010");

  // Parse Rt
  if (tokens[3][0] != 'R') {
    printf("error: parse_or() failed\n");
    for (int i = 0; i < token_count; i++) {
      free(tokens[i]);
    }
    return 4;
  }
  char rt_num = tokens[3][1];
  ret = parse_reg(rt_num, instr_bin_str);  // Rt
  if (ret != 0) {
    printf("error: parse_or() failed\n");
    for (int i = 0; i < token_count; i++) {
      free(tokens[i]);
    }
    return 4;
  }

  // Free allocated memory
  for (int i = 0; i < token_count; i++) {
    free(tokens[i]);
  }

  return 0;
}

// Function to parse XOR instruction
int parse_xor(char *instr, char *instr_bin_str) {
  // Opcode: 0101
  strcpy(instr_bin_str, "0101");  // Opcode

  // Tokenize the instruction line
  char instr_copy[COLS];
  strcpy(instr_copy, instr);
  char *tokens[10];
  int token_count = 0;
  char *p = instr_copy;
  while (*p != '\0') {
    // Skip spaces and commas
    while (isspace(*p) || *p == ',') p++;
    if (*p == '\0') break;

    // Collect token
    char *start = p;
    while (*p != '\0' && !isspace(*p) && *p != ',') p++;
    size_t len = p - start;
    tokens[token_count] = (char *)malloc(len + 1);
    strncpy(tokens[token_count], start, len);
    tokens[token_count][len] = '\0';
    token_count++;
  }

  if (token_count != 4) {
    printf("error: parse_xor() failed\n");
    for (int i = 0; i < token_count; i++) {
      free(tokens[i]);
    }
    return 4;
  }

  // Enforce uppercase for operands
  to_uppercase(tokens[1]);
  to_uppercase(tokens[2]);
  to_uppercase(tokens[3]);

  // Parse Rd
  if (tokens[1][0] != 'R') {
    printf("error: parse_xor() failed\n");
    for (int i = 0; i < token_count; i++) {
      free(tokens[i]);
    }
    return 4;
  }
  char rd_num = tokens[1][1];
  int ret = parse_reg(rd_num, instr_bin_str);  // Rd
  if (ret != 0) {
    printf("error: parse_xor() failed\n");
    for (int i = 0; i < token_count; i++) {
      free(tokens[i]);
    }
    return 4;
  }

  // Parse Rs
  if (tokens[2][0] != 'R') {
    printf("error: parse_xor() failed\n");
    for (int i = 0; i < token_count; i++) {
      free(tokens[i]);
    }
    return 4;
  }
  char rs_num = tokens[2][1];
  ret = parse_reg(rs_num, instr_bin_str);  // Rs
  if (ret != 0) {
    printf("error: parse_xor() failed\n");
    for (int i = 0; i < token_count; i++) {
      free(tokens[i]);
    }
    return 4;
  }

  // Sub-opcode for XOR
  strcat(instr_bin_str, "011");

  // Parse Rt
  if (tokens[3][0] != 'R') {
    printf("error: parse_xor() failed\n");
    for (int i = 0; i < token_count; i++) {
      free(tokens[i]);
    }
    return 4;
  }
  char rt_num = tokens[3][1];
  ret = parse_reg(rt_num, instr_bin_str);  // Rt
  if (ret != 0) {
    printf("error: parse_xor() failed\n");
    for (int i = 0; i < token_count; i++) {
      free(tokens[i]);
    }
    return 4;
  }

  // Free allocated memory
  for (int i = 0; i < token_count; i++) {
    free(tokens[i]);
  }

  return 0;
}

void write_uint16_big_endian(FILE *file, uint16_t value) {
  uint8_t bytes[2];
  bytes[0] = (value >> 8) & 0xFF;  // High byte
  bytes[1] = value & 0xFF;  // Low byte
  fwrite(bytes, sizeof(uint8_t), 2, file);
}

unsigned short int str_to_bin(char *instr_bin_str) {
  if (strlen(instr_bin_str) != 16) {
    printf("error: str_to_bin failed, invalid length: %s\n", instr_bin_str);
    return 6;
  }
  unsigned short int result = 0;
  for (int i = 0; i < 16; i++) {
    result <<= 1;
    if (instr_bin_str[i] == '1') {
      result |= 1;
    } else if (instr_bin_str[i] != '0') {
      // Invalid character
      printf("error: str_to_bin failed\n");
      return 6;
    }
  }
  return result;
}

int write_obj_file(char *filename, unsigned short int program_bin[ROWS], int instr_count) {
  FILE *file = fopen(filename, "wb");
  if (!file) {
    printf("error: write_obj_file failed\n");
    return 7;
  }
  // Write the code header: xCADE, address (start at 0), n (instr_count)
  unsigned short int header[3];
  header[0] = 0xCADE;
  header[1] = 0x0000;  // Starting address, assume 0 for now
  header[2] = instr_count;

  // Write header in big-endian order
  write_uint16_big_endian(file, header[0]);
  write_uint16_big_endian(file, header[1]);
  write_uint16_big_endian(file, header[2]);

  // Write the instructions in big-endian order
  for (int i = 0; i < instr_count; i++) {
    write_uint16_big_endian(file, program_bin[i]);
  }
  fclose(file);
  return 0;
}